The route of administration is the path by which a drug or a vaccine is administered inside the body of human. This plays a critical factor for the success of immunization; a substance is transported from a site of entry to the body where the desired action will take place using the transport mechanism of the body. Most of the vaccines can be administered through different routes. Type of vaccine and patient related factor determines the selection of route for vaccine administration. There are several factors that are involved in the route of administration which includes,
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- Characteristic of the drug
- Emergency/routine use
- Site of action of the drug
- Condition of the patient
- Age of the patient
- Effect of pH, first-pass metabolism, and digestive enzymes
- Patient’s/ doctor’s choice
Administration of vaccines involves precautions to minimize the risk of for disease exposure and spread. Route of administration are preferred by the manufacturers for the each immunobiologic. If the deviation takes place from the recommended route of administration, it might reduce the vaccine efficiency or increase the risk of adverse reactions. Adjuvants are included in some vaccines to increase the efficiency of the vaccines. An adjuvant is a vaccine component which is different from antigen component, it enhances the immune response of the vaccine and might also increase the adverse reaction. To decrease the risk of adverse reaction, inactivated vaccines containing adjuvants should be injected with the vaccine. Administering adjuvants might cause irritation, skin discoloration, and inflammation when administered subcutaneously or intradermally in the body.
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